The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States

Part I. The Emergence of Democracy in Bands and Tribes

1. Civilizational Peculiarities Versus Ideal Typicalities
Ronald M. Glassman

2. Social Structure and Conflict Groups
Ronald M. Glassman

3. Political Institutions
Ronald M. Glassman

4. Legitimacy
Ronald M. Glassman

5. Economy and Polity
Ronald M. Glassman

6. Warfare and Religion
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 2. Tribal Society: Clan and Tribal Democracy

7. Civilizational Peculiarities Versus Ideal-Typicalities
Ronald M. Glassman

8. Social Structure and Conflict Groups
Ronald M. Glassman

9. Political Institutions
Ronald M. Glassman

10. Horticulture, Matrilineal Clans, and the Rise of Status and Power of Women
Ronald M. Glassman

11. Warfare and Politics
Ronald M. Glassman

12. The Confederacy of Tribes
Ronald M. Glassman

13. Tribal Games
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14. Religion and Politics
Ronald M. Glassman

15. Legitimation Processes
Ronald M. Glassman

16. Economy and Polity
Ronald M. Glassman

17. Conclusions on Band and Tribal Societies
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 3. Horticultural Villages Tribes: Matri-Clans and the Rise of Theoretic Priesthoods

18. Civilizational Peculiarities Versus Ideal-Typicalities
Ronald M. Glassman

19. Social Structure and Conflict Groups
Ronald M. Glassman

20. Religion and Politics
Ronald M. Glassman

21. Women and Politics in Horticultural Societies
Ronald M. Glassman

22. Warfare in Horticultural Village Societies
Ronald M. Glassman

23. Political Institutions: Theocratic Despotism
Ronald M. Glassman

24. Legitimation Processes
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 4. Pastoral Herding Tribes, Patri-Clans, and the Rise of the Military Kingship

25. Civilizational Peculiarities Versus Ideal-Typicalities
Ronald M. Glassman

26. Herding Tribes, Patri-Clans, and the Rise of the Military Kingship
Ronald M. Glassman

27. Social Structure and Conflict Groups
Ronald M. Glassman

28. Warfare, Women, Religion, and Politics
Ronald M. Glassman

29. The Political Institutions of Herding Society: Despotic Military Kingship
Ronald M. Glassman

30. Military Kingship and State Violence
Ronald M. Glassman

31. The Legitimacy Processes of Herding Societies
Ronald M. Glassman

32. Economy and Polity
Ronald M. Glassman

33. Some Impediments to Democracy in Horticultural and Herding Societies
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 5. Conclusions: The Paradoxes of Tribes

34. The Paradox of Tribes
Ronald M. Glassman

Part II. From Tribal Society to City-States in the Ancient Middle East

35. Introduction to the Middle Eastern Grain, Agricultural, and Animal Herding Societies
Ronald M. Glassman

36. Democracy in the Sumerian City States: The Assembly, the Elders, and the King
Ronald M. Glassman

37. Projections of the Tribal Assembly in the World of the Sumerian Myths
Ronald M. Glassman

38. The Status and Role of Women in Ancient Sumer
Ronald M. Glassman

39. The Emergence of the Temple Economy Overseen by Priests and Priestesses in the River-Flood Areas
Ronald M. Glassman

40. The Rise of the Kingship: Expansionary, Genocidal Warfare
Ronald M. Glassman

41. From the Theocratic State to the Kingly-Bureaucratic State
Ronald M. Glassman

42. The Reform Movements and the Ethic of Social Justice
Ronald M. Glassman

43. The Pastoral Tribal Invasions and the Partial De-Legitimation of The Kings
Ronald M. Glassman

44. The Revival and Expansion of the Private Economic Sector in Mesopotamia
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 7. Vestiges of Tribal Democracy and the Rise of Commercial Oligarchy in the City-States of Syria, Canaan and Phoenica

45. The Early Agricultural City-States
Ronald M. Glassman

46. The City-State, Ugarit: A Great Coastal Trading City
Ronald M. Glassman

47. West Semitic Myths and Legends
Ronald M. Glassman

48. Ebla
Ronald M. Glassman

49. The Political Structure of the Canaanite City-States: Monarchy and Merchant Oligarchy
Ronald M. Glassman

50. From Canaanites to Phoenicians
Ronald M. Glassman

51. The Political Institutions of the Phoenician City-States
Ronald M. Glassman

52. Carthage
Ronald M. Glassman

53. Religion and Women in Phoenician Society
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 8. Israel: From Pastoral Tribalism to Mosaic Monotheism to Monarchy and After Babylon to Theocracy

54. The Pastoral Origins of the Hebrews: “Those Who Crossed the River”
Ronald M. Glassman

55. Egypt and the Hebrews
Ronald M. Glassman

56. Egypt After the Hyksos Invasion: The New Kingdom and the New Religious Ideas
Ronald M. Glassman

57. Creation and the Supreme Deity in the Theology of Egypt
Ronald M. Glassman

58. The Hebrews Enter the Nile Delta
Ronald M. Glassman

59. From Joseph to Moses
Ronald M. Glassman

60. Israelite Tribal Confederation Enters Canaan
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 9. The Kings and Prophets in the Land of Canaan

61. The Rise of the Monarchy
Ronald M. Glassman

62. The Prophets: Moralistic Monotheism, Social Justice, and the Doomsday Theodicy
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 10. The Babylonian Exile: The Return and the Establishment of the World’s First Pure Theocracy

63. The Babylonian Exile
Ronald M. Glassman

64. Return from Exile: Theocracy Established
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 11. Monotheism vs. Polytheism: Human Self-Conciousness, the Domination of Nature, and the Valuation of Human Life

65. Monotheism and the Jews
Ronald M. Glassman

66. The Status of Women in Societies Embracing a Patriarchal Monotheistic God
Ronald M. Glassman

Part III. Greece

67. Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations
Ronald M. Glassman

68. The Expansion of Mycenaean Greek Civilization
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 13. The Collapse of Mycenaean Civilizations and the Re-Tribalizations of Greece

69. The Doric Invasions and the Regression to Tribalism
Ronald M. Glassman

70. Doric Tribalism and the Culture of Greece and, Doric Tribalism and the Revival of Mycenaean Tribalism During the Dark Age
Ronald M. Glassman

71. Doric Religion
Ronald M. Glassman

72. The Olympic Games: Doric Tribal Culture Engenders a Pan Hellenic Cultural Complex
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 14. The Heavy Armored Phalanx and the Democratic Revolution

73. From Aristocratic Champions to the Phalanx of the Common Men
Ronald M. Glassman

74. The Cavalary Aristocrats—“Hippeis,” and Their Declining Role in Mainland Greek Warfare
Ronald M. Glassman

75. Sparta: The Re-Crudescence of Tribal Democracy on a Hoplite Base
Ronald M. Glassman

76. The Spartan Women: Economic Control, Sexual Liberation, and Olympic Athletics
Ronald M. Glassman

77. Some Notes on the Democratization of Argos and Crete
Ronald M. Glassman

78. The Political Paradox Involved in the Transition from the Tribe to the City-State: The Greek Case
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 15. The Re-Civilization of Greece

79. The Revival of Trade in the Aegean Region
Ronald M. Glassman

80. Trade and the Changing Class Structure of Greece
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 16. The Rise of the Greek City-States

81. The Rise of the Greek Trading Cities
Ronald M. Glassman

82. The Transition from Tribal to City-State Political Organization
Ronald M. Glassman

83. The Rise of Democracy in Syracuse
Ronald M. Glassman

84. A Note on Democracy in Kroton and Korinthos
Ronald M. Glassman

85. Class Conflicts in the Greek City States During the Era of Expansionary Trade
Ronald M. Glassman

86. Conclusions on the Causes of Democracy in Greece: The Hoplite Phalanx Military Innovation, and, the Trade-Capitalist Economic Revolution
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 17. The Full Flowering of Greek Democracy

87. The Ideology of Equality and Democracy
Ronald M. Glassman

88. The Rise of Legal Authority in the Greek City States
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 18. The Rise of the Rational-Scientific World-View

89. The Ionians of Asia Minor Make Contact with the Civilizations of the Middle East and the Tribes of the Black Sea
Ronald M. Glassman

90. The Decline of Greek Religion After Homer and Hesiod
Ronald M. Glassman

91. The Rise of the Rational-Scientific World View
Ronald M Glassman

92. The Rise of the Social Sciences
Ronald M Glassman

Section 19. Women in Ancient Greece: Economic, Religious and Sexual Roles—But No Political Role

93. Doric Women
Ronald M. Glassman

94. The Status of Ionian Women
Ronald M. Glassman

95. The Women Philosophers, Scientists, Doctors, and Mathematicians of the Greek World
Ronald M. Glassman

96. Women and Religion
Ronald M. Glassman

Part IV. The Norse Tribes: From Tribal Democracy and Aristocracy to City-State Democracy and the Kingly-Bureaucratic State

97. Comparison Between the German Tribes and the Celtic Tribes
Ronald M. Glassman

98. The German or Norse Tribes
Ronald M. Glassman

99. The Economy of the Norse Tribes: Herding and Agriculture
Ronald M. Glassman

100. The Religion of the Norse Tribes: No Official Priesthood
Ronald M. Glassman

101. Marriage, Clans, and Clan Retribution
Ronald M. Glassman

102. Language and Runes
Ronald M. Glassman

103. Debt Slavery and War Captive Slavery
Ronald M. Glassman

104. Civilizational Influences
Ronald M. Glassman

105. Feasts, Celebrations, and Guest Friendship
Ronald M. Glassman

106. German or Norse Tribal Assemblies and Courts, and the Rise of the Monarchies
Ronald M. Glassman

107. The Political Structure of the Norse Tribes: The Assembly of Warriors with Aristocratic Domination
Ronald M. Glassman

108. A Closer Look at the Germanic, or Norse, Assemblies
Ronald M. Glassman

109. War Chiefs and Military Aristocrats
Ronald M. Glassman

110. Iceland: Nobles and Freemen Flee the Centralizing Power of the Norwegian King and Reestablish Tribal Democracy (with Aristocratic Domination)
Ronald M. Glassman

111. The Anglo-Saxon-Jute Tribal Confederation and Its Moot and Folk-Moot
Ronald M. Glassman

112. The Court Councils of the Centralizing Monarchies
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 21. The Culture and Social Structure of the Norse Tribes as Seen Through the Norse Myths

113. Creation of the World and the Gods
Ronald M. Glassman

114. The Class Structure of the Norse Tribes as Shown in “The Song of Rig”
Ronald M. Glassman

115. Women in the Myths and Sagas
Ronald M Glassman

116. Games and Individual Competitions
Ronald M Glassman

117. Magic and Runes
Ronald M Glassman

118. The Volsung Myths
Ronald M Glassman

119. Beowulf
Ronald M. Glassman

120. The Icelandic Sagas
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 22. Germanic Regions Not Under Kingly Control: Iceland, The Netherlands and Switzerland

121. The Netherlands
Ronald M. Glassman

122. The Norse Tribes in the High Mountain Valleys of Switzerland
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 23. The Main Thrust of Norse Political Development: The Centralization of the Kingship

123. Roman Catholic Bishops and Priests Kings and Bishops
Ronald M. Glassman

124. The Celtic Gauls and the Romans
Ronald M. Glassman

125. The Invasions of the Norse Tribes
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 24. The Rise of Independent Trade-Capitalist City-States in Europe

126. The Importance of City-States in the Evolution of Democratic Political Processes
Ronald M. Glassman

127. The Transitions from Tribal Democracy to City-State Democracy in Post-Feudal Europe: Italy
Ronald M. Glassman

128. The Germanic City States
Ronald M. Glassman

129. The Cities of the Low Countries
Ronald M. Glassman

130. The Trade-Capitalist City-States of Switzerland
Ronald M. Glassman

131. The German Trade-Capitalist City-States
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 25. The Reformation: The Spirit of Capitalism, Individualism and Democracy

132. The German Kings Against the Pope and the Italian-Dominated Catholic Church
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 26. The Rise of National Representative Assemblies

133. The Centralizing Monarchies Become Dependent on Money from the City-States
Ronald M. Glassman

134. The Swiss Confederation
Ronald M. Glassman

135. The Parliament in the Netherlands: The “States General” and the King’s Council
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 27. Great Britain

136. The Romanized Celtic Colony of Britain
Ronald M. Glassman

137. The Invasion of Britain by the Anglo-Saxon-Jute Confederation: Norse Tribal Democracy in England—The Moot and the Folkmoot
Ronald M. Glassman

138. The Second Danish Invasion and the Norman Invasion: King Canute and William the Conqueror
Ronald M. Glassman

139. The Establishment of the Commercial Trade-Capitalist Economy in Britain: The Rise of the Merchant-Gentry
Ronald M. Glassman

140. The Rise of the English Parliament
Ronald M. Glassman

141. The Reformation in England and Scotland: Before Luther and Calvin
Ronald M. Glassman

142. The Beginnings of the English Civil War
Ronald M. Glassman

143. The English Revolution: “Civil War;” “Puritan Revolt”
Ronald M. Glassman

144. With Monarchy and Feudalism Defeated, the Struggle Between the Rich, the Poor, and the Middle Classes Takes Center Stage
Ronald M. Glassman

145. Rational-Legal Authority in England
Ronald M. Glassman

146. The Rise of the Rational-Scientific Worldview in Britain
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 28. The United States, France, Spain, and Germany

147. The United States: The English Revolution Continues; Frontier Property and the Emergence of a Majority Middle Class
Ronald M. Glassman

148. France: The Stalemate of Classes; Anarchic and Anomic Violence
Ronald M. Glassman

149. Germany: Feudalism/Kingship and the Warrior Cynosure Remain Culturally Dominant
Ronald M. Glassman

150. Spain: The Conquest of the Muslims and the New World Empires Empowers the Monarchy and Weakens the Commercial Classes
Ronald M. Glassman

151. Conclusions on the Rise of Commercial Capitalism, Parliamentary Democracy, and the Decline of Feudalism
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 29. Industrial: Capitalism and Democracy

152. From Trade Capitalism to Industrial Capitalism
Ronald M. Glassman

153. The Class Structure of Industrial Capitalism
Ronald M. Glassman

Section 30. Women’s Liberation: From Horticultural Matri-Clans and the Fertility Goddess, to Modern Democratic Feminism

154. Women’s Gender Roles: From Horticultural Tribes to Modern Technocratic “White Collar” Work
Ronald M. Glassman

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