Defensive (anti-herbivory) Coloration in Land Plants

Part I. General Background

1. Introduction
Simcha Lev-Yadun

2. Plants Are Not Sitting Ducks Waiting for Herbivores to Eat Them
Simcha Lev-Yadun

3. The Many Defensive Mechanisms of Plants
Simcha Lev-Yadun

4. No Defense Is Perfect and Defense Is Always Relative
Simcha Lev-Yadun

5. Operating Under Stress and Fear in the Military as a Lesson Concerning Difficulties for Herbivory in Nature. Factors That Lower the Need for Perfect Defensive Mechanisms Including Mimicry
Simcha Lev-Yadun

6. Evaluating Risk: The Problematic and Even Erroneous Common View of “No Damage or No Attack Equals No Risk”
Simcha Lev-Yadun

7. Partial Descriptions of Color Patterns in Floras and Handbooks Has Consequences on the Study of Plant Coloration Biology
Simcha Lev-Yadun

8. Animal Color Vision
Simcha Lev-Yadun

9. The Nature of Signals
Simcha Lev-Yadun

10. White as a Visual Signal
Simcha Lev-Yadun

11. Visual Signaling by Plants to Animals via Color
Simcha Lev-Yadun

12. Müllerian and Batesian Mimics Are Extended Phenotypes
Simcha Lev-Yadun

Part II. Gentle Defenses

13. Camouflage
Simcha Lev-Yadun

14. Seed Camouflage
Simcha Lev-Yadun

15. Pod and Seed Camouflage in the Genus Pisum

Simcha Lev-Yadun

16. Defensive Functions of White Coloration in Coastal and Dune Plants
Simcha Lev-Yadun

17. Gloger’s Rule in Plants: The Species and Ecosystem Levels
Simcha Lev-Yadun

18. Defensive Masquerade by Plants
Simcha Lev-Yadun

19. Potential Defense From Herbivory by Dazzle Effects and Trickery Coloration of Variegated Leaves
Simcha Lev-Yadun

20. Plants Undermine Herbirorous Insect Camouflage
Simcha Lev-Yadun

21. Delayed Greening
Simcha Lev-Yadun

22. Red/Purple Leaf Margin Coloration: Potential Defensive Functions
Simcha Lev-Yadun

Part III. Aggressive Defenses

23. Aposematism
Simcha Lev-Yadun

24. Olfactory Aposematism
Simcha Lev-Yadun

25. The Anecdotal History of Discussing Plant Aposematic Coloration
Simcha Lev-Yadun

26. Aposematic Coloration in Thorny, Spiny and Prickly Plants
Simcha Lev-Yadun

27. Fearful Symmetry in Aposematic Spiny Plants
Simcha Lev-Yadun

28. Color Changes in Old Aposematic Thorns, Spines, and Prickles
Simcha Lev-Yadun

29. Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi on Thorns, Spines and Prickles
Simcha Lev-Yadun

30. Aposematism in Plants with Silica Needles and Raphids Made of Calcium Oxalate
Simcha Lev-Yadun

31. Müllerian and Batesian Mimicry Rings of Aposematic Thorny, Spiny and Toxic Plants
Simcha Lev-Yadun

32. Batesian Mimicry and Automimicry of Aposematic Thorns, Spines and Prickles
Simcha Lev-Yadun

33. Additional Cases of Defensive Visual Batesian Mimicry Among Plants
Simcha Lev-Yadun

34. When May Green Plants Be Aposematic?
Simcha Lev-Yadun

35. Spiny East Mediterranean Plant Species Flower Later and in a Drier Season Than Non-spiny Species
Simcha Lev-Yadun

36. Biochemical Evidence of Convergent Evolution of Aposematic Coloration in Thorny, Spiny and Prickly Plants
Simcha Lev-Yadun

37. Aposematic Coloration in Poisonous Flowers, Fruits and Seeds
Simcha Lev-Yadun

38. Aposematic Trichomes: Probably an Overlooked Common Phenomenon
Simcha Lev-Yadun

39. Why is Latex Usually White and Only Sometimes Yellow, Orange or Red? Simultaneous Visual and Chemical Plant Defense
Simcha Lev-Yadun

40. Visual Defenses Basically Operating by Various Mechanisms That Have an Aposematic Component
Simcha Lev-Yadun

41. Plant Aposematism Involving Fungi
Simcha Lev-Yadun

42. Do Plants Use Visual and Olfactory Carrion-Based Aposematism to Deter Herbivores?
Simcha Lev-Yadun

43. Gall Aposematism
Simcha Lev-Yadun

44. Experimental Evidence for Plant Aposematism
Simcha Lev-Yadun

Part IV. Masterpieces of Visual Defense

45. The Complicated Enigma of Red and Yellow Autumn Leaves
Simcha Lev-Yadun

46. Leaf Color Variability
Simcha Lev-Yadun

47. What Do Red and Yellow Autumn Leaves Signal for Sure?
Simcha Lev-Yadun

48. The Second Generation of Hypotheses About Colorful Autumn Leaves
Simcha Lev-Yadun

49. The Shared and Separate Roles of Aposematic (Warning) Coloration and the Co-evolution Hypothesis in Defending Autumn Leaves
Simcha Lev-Yadun

50. Spring Versus Autumn or Young Versus Old Leaf Colors: Evidence for Different Selective Agents and Evolution in Various Species and Floras
Simcha Lev-Yadun

51. How Red Is the Red Autumn Leaf Herring and Did It Lose Its Red Color?
Simcha Lev-Yadun

52. Defensive Animal and Animal Action Mimicry by Plants
Simcha Lev-Yadun

53. Caterpillar and Other Herbivore Feeding Damage Mimicry as Defense
Simcha Lev-Yadun

54. Tunneling Damage Mimicry
Simcha Lev-Yadun

55. Butterfly Egg Mimicry
Simcha Lev-Yadun

56. Caterpillar Mimicry
Simcha Lev-Yadun

57. Aphid Mimicry
Simcha Lev-Yadun

58. Ant Mimicry
Simcha Lev-Yadun

59. Beetle Mimicry
Simcha Lev-Yadun

60. Spider Web Mimicry
Simcha Lev-Yadun

61. Defensive Bee and Wasp Mimicry by Orchid Flowers
Simcha Lev-Yadun

62. Gall Midge Mimicry
Simcha Lev-Yadun

63. Arthropod Wing Movement Mimicry
Simcha Lev-Yadun

64. “Eye Spot” Mimicry
Simcha Lev-Yadun

65. Snake Mimicry
Simcha Lev-Yadun

66. Visual and Olfactory Feces and Carrion Mimicry
Simcha Lev-Yadun

67. Extended Phenotype
Simcha Lev-Yadun

68. A General Perspective of Defensive Animal Mimicry by Plants
Simcha Lev-Yadun

69. Currently Temporary Final Words
Simcha Lev-Yadun

Keywords: Life Sciences, Plant Sciences, Entomology, Evolutionary Biology, Behavioral Sciences, Tree Biology